Chapter IV: Metaphysical Ethics.
§ 78.
It has been
customary, since Kant's time, to assert that Cognition, Volition, and Feeling
are three fundamentally distinct attitudes of the mind towards reality. They are
three distinct ways of experiencing, and each of them informs us of a distinct
aspect under which reality may be considered. The Epistemological
method
of approaching Metaphysics rests on the assumption that by considering what is
implied in
Cognition—what is its ideal
—we may discover what
properties the world must have, if it is to be true. And similarly it
is held that by considering what is implied in
the fact of Willing or
Feeling—what is the ideal
which they presuppose—we may discover what
properties the world must have, if it is to be good or beautiful. The orthodox
Idealistic Epistemologist differs from the Sensationalist or Empiricist in
holding that what we directly cognise is neither all true nor yet the whole
truth: in order to reject the false and to discover further truths we must, he
says, not take cognition merely as it presents itself, but discover what is
implied in it. And similarly the orthodox Metaphysical Ethicist differs
from the mere Naturalist, in holding that not everything which we actually will
is good, nor, if good, completely good: what is really good is that which is
implied in the essential nature of will. Others again think that Feeling, and
not Will, is the fundamental datum for Ethics. But,
in either case, it is agreed that Ethics has some relation to Will or Feeling
which it has not to Cognition, and which other objects of study have to
Cognition. Will or Feeling, on the one hand, and Cognition, on the other, are
regarded as in some sense co-ordinate sources of philosophical knowledge—the
one of Practical, the other of Theoretical Philosophy. (§ 78 ¶ 1)
What, that is true, can possibly be meant by this view? (§ 78 ¶ 2)