Chapter I: The Subject-Matter of Ethics.
§ 8.
When we say, as
Webster says, The definition of horse is
we may, in fact, mean three different things. (1) We may mean
merely A hoofed quadruped of the genus
Equus,
When I say
This might be called the arbitrary
verbal definition: and I do not mean that good is indefinable in that sense. (2)
We may mean, as Webster ought to mean: horse,
you are to understand that I am talking about
a hoofed quadruped of the genus Equus.When most English people say
This may be
called the verbal definition proper, and I do not say that good is indefinable
in this sense either; for it is certainly possible to discover how people use a
word: otherwise, we could never have known that horse,
they mean a hoofed quadruped of the genus Equus.good
may be translated by
gut
in German and by bon
in French.
But (3) we may, when we define horse, mean something much more important. We may
mean that a certain object, which we all of us know, is composed in a certain
manner: that it has four legs, a head, a heart, a liver, etc., etc., all of them
arranged in definite relations to one another. It is in this sense that I deny
good to be definable. I say that it is not composed of any parts, which we can
substitute for it in our minds when we are thinking of it. We might think just
as clearly and correctly about a horse, if we thought of all its parts and their
arrangement instead of thinking of the whole: we could, I say, think how a horse
differed from a donkey just as well, just as truly, in this way, as now we do,
only not so easily; but there is nothing whatsoever which we could substitute for
good; and that is what I mean, when I say that good is indefinable. (§ 8 ¶ 1)